To have a full Raspberry Pi experience, you should use Raspbian, the OS developed exclusively for Raspberry Pi. Raspbian is a Debian-based system optimized to utilize Raspberry Pi hardware most efficiently. If you want to transfer data or administer the device remotely via SSH, you need to enable SSH first.
Follow the steps in this guide to learn how to enable SSH on Raspberry Pi without a screen, from the GUI, or using the raspi-config file. We will also show you how to find the IP address of your Raspberry Pi and how to SSH into the device.
Dec 20, 2012. Open Putty and write your Raspberry Pi’s IP Address. Click on “Open”. Log into RetroPie. NOTE: The deafult username is pi and the passowrd is raspberry. Congratulations, you’ve just conected your PC to you Raspberry Pi’s RetroPie installation and that’s it for this tutorial.
- Raspberry Pi with Raspbian installed
- Access to a computer with a microSD or SD card reader (for pre-2014 Raspberry Pi versions)
- Necessary admin permissions to perform the tasks
- Access to an SSH client: PuTTy in Windows or Terminal in Linux/macOS
If you installed any of the Raspbian versions from late 2016 onwards, then SSH is disabled by default. The reason behind this decision was to improve security. Since all Raspbian images come with a user “pi” and the default password “raspberry,” it was easy for hackers to use this in their favor.
However, you can easily enable SSH on Raspberry Pi even if you do not have a monitor and keyboard connected. We will explain three possible ways to enable SSH on Raspbian. Read through the guide and choose the method that you prefer.
Many users run these devices as a web or media server and configure them via SSH. If you use your Raspberry Pi without a monitor and keyboard, then the only way to enable SSH in headless mode is to use a blank boot file.
For this task, you need to create an empty ssh file on another machine. We will use this file on the Raspbian boot SD card to enable SSH. If you do not feel like creating the file yourself, we made the blank ssh boot file available for download.
To enable SSH on Raspberry Pi in headless mode, follow these steps:
1. Make sure you properly installed Raspbian on your Raspberry Pi microSD card. If you have already done so, turn off the device and remove the card.
2. Put the microSD card in the card reader of your computer. Wait until the card mounts. You may need to use a microSD to SD card adapter. All recent Raspberry Pi versions use microSD instead of standard-size SD cards.
3. Navigate to the boot folder. This is the root folder of your SD card. Bootis the default volume name when you install a Raspbian system on an SD card. If you are on a Windows machine, use any file manager, such as Explorer. On macOS or Linux, open a terminal window and type:
Note that the name of your SD card can be something other than “boot”. If it is, open the root volume folder and proceed with the next steps.
4. In the boot volume, create a file without an extension and name it ssh.
- On Windows,right-click anywhere in the boot volume’s white space and select New > Text Document. Delete the .txt extension before you hit Enter. If Windows Explorer on your computer does not show file extensions, click View and enable File name extensions in the menu bar.
- On Mac or Linux, run the
touch
command while in the boot directory to create a blank ssh file:
- On Mac or Linux, run the
5. Safely removeor eject thecard from the computer and insert it again in your Raspberry Pi.
6. Boot up Raspberry Pi.
Every time you turn on the Pi board, the device looks for the ssh file. When the device finds the file, then SSH is enabled automatically. If you correctly created an empty ssh file without an extension, you can now SSH into your device.
Enable SSH on Raspberry Pi using GUI Configuration Options
Things get much faster and easier when you have a monitor and peripherals connected to your Raspberry Pi. If you are used to configuring your device using a GUI, follow the steps below.
Once your device boots up: https://renewbg.weebly.com/blockhood-free-download-mac.html.
1. Click the raspberry logo at the top-left corner.
2. Select Preferences > Raspberry Pi Configuration.
3. Navigate to the Interfaces tab in the configuration window.
4. Enable SSH in the second line.
5. Click OK to save the changes.
That’s it. Your Raspberry Pi is now accessible via SSH. Make sure the device is connected to the internet before trying to establish an SSH session.
If you are used to configuring your system from the terminal, you can choose one of the two options below.
To enable SSH using the raspi-config tool:
1. Open the terminal on your Raspberry Pi and run the tool by typing:
A BIOS-looking raspi-config tool loads.
2. Use the arrows on your keyboard to select Interfacing Options.
3. Select the P2SSH option on the list.
4. Select <Yes> on the “Would you like the SSH server to be enabled?” prompt.
5. Hit Enter on the “The SSH server is enabled” confirmation box.
6. Navigate down and select Finish to close the raspi-config.
You can close the terminal window. Your device is now ready to accept SSH connections.
The final option to enable SSH on Raspberry Pi is to start the
systemctl
Download eos info for mac osx. service from your terminal.To do so, load the terminal and run these two commands:
The ssh service is now both enabled and started.
Now that you enabled SSH on your Raspberry Pi, you can use SSH to connect from another machine.
Before we can continue, you need to find the IP address of your device. While you are logged in the Raspbian system, open the terminal and run this command:
Alternatively, you can run the
ifconfig
or ip a
command to find the IP address. We prefer using the hostname
command as it only displays the address without other network information.Use the Terminal in macOS or Linux to Connect to Raspberry Pi
Using SSH to remotely manage a Raspberry Pi device is the same as managing any other Linux-based machine. Both macOS and Linux have SSH clients by default.
To connect via SSH to your Raspberry Pi from the terminal, use this command:
Note: Pi is the default user account. If you use another account name, type it in instead of Pi. Use your device's IP address identified in the previous step.
The first time you connect to your Raspberry Pi, you will get a prompt to accept the RSA key. Type yes, and the new SSH session starts.
Windows users can SSH into Raspberry Pi using PuTTY.
Start the tool and enter the IP address of your device. Make sure SSH is selected, and the port set to 22.
Click Open to start a new session. Enter your Raspberry Pi’s account username and password.
In November 2016, SSH was disabled by default on Raspbian. This move was made to prevent Raspberry Pi devices from potentially becoming a part of an IoT botnet.
Now that you have decided to use SSH to connect to your Raspberry Pi, we advise you to change the default account password.
![Putty Putty](/uploads/1/2/6/7/126764947/640323560.png)
Since all Raspbian installations come with a default account and password, it is easy for hackers to log into your device. To make your device less vulnerable, change Raspberry Pi’s default password.
1. To do so, run the raspi-config tool from the terminal on your device:
2. Select the Change User Password option.
Follow the instructions to change the password. Your Raspberry Pi is now ready and more secure for SSH access. We recommend you take further steps to improve SSH security.
Now you know how to enable SSH on Raspberry Pi. This tutorial has shown you how to enable the service even if you do not have a monitor and keyboard connected to your Raspberry Pi. If you have the peripherals connected, then you can choose the method that suits you best.
Make sure you take a few basic steps to secure your device. If you need a reminder on the most common SSH commands, refer to our Linux SSH commands guide.
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Overview
The Raspberry Pi is a popular platform because of its low cost and high integration. In addition to Wi-Fi and Ethernet, this board also has integrated Bluetooth which support BLE.
The Rapsberry Pi support for Bluetooth depends on specifically on which Raspberry Pi you have:
Board | Bluetooth Chipset | Bluetooth Supported | |
---|---|---|---|
Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ | Broadcom BCM43438 | Bluetooth 4.1 | |
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B | Broadcom BCM43438 | Bluetooth 4.1 | |
Raspberry Pi Model 3B+ | Cypress CYW43455 | Bluetooth 4.2 | |
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B | Cypress CYW43455 | Bluetooth 5.0 |
Raspberry Pi supports Bluetooth Low Energy because they integrate a combo Wi-Fi + Bluetooth chipset. The exact chipset supported varies depending on the board being used. raspberry Pi 3A used BCM43438 chipset from Broadcom, while it moved to a CYW43455 chipset with support for 802.11ac and dual band (2.4GHz and 5GHz).
Each version of the Raspberry Pi uses Linux and so leverages the OpenSource BlueZ Bluetooth stack. This stack has been used for many years, and although it supports both Bluetooth Classic and BLE, its support for BLE is more recent and there are some limitations and sometimes bugs because it does not get as much testing. If you're thinking of deploying BlueZ, you should most definitively test it extensively in a real world application.
Bluetooth 5.0 support on the Raspberry Pi is limited to the mandatory features. The main one that is missing is the Long Range support, so if you were thinking of leveraging the Coded PHY for extra long range, you won't be able to. This feature is normally not found on combo Wi-Fi + Bluetooth chipsets.
Raspberry Pi BLE Performance
Before we get into running the Raspberry Pi, we wanted to discuss a bit about performance. After all, no guide from us would be complete without it. Over the last few years, we've seen companies use the Raspberry Pi as a gateway system because of it's performance and cost. We've used it in a few projects as well.
The good news are that the Pi has pretty good chipsets from an RF performance and feature perspective, leveraging Broadcom and now Cypress. Some of devices have support for 5GHz Wi-Fi band reduces interference on the 2.4GHz band used by BLE. Given that the system is a single chip solution, there is also support for Coexistence to reduce interferenceThe biggest issue the Raspberry Pi has a relatively small antenna. This antenna is surrounded somewhat by the GPIO connector pin connector. Both of these have some impact on performance, though the RPI foundation does not provide detailed antenna radiation information.
The antenna can't be changed on the raspberry Pi for a few reasons:
- There's no physical connector, meaning that an antenna or connector would need to be soldered
- The certification for the Raspberry Pi doesn't declare an external antenna. Any modification to the board would invalidate the FCC and related certifications.
Ultimately, the Bluetooth LE range of the Raspberry Pi devices is decent but limited, and it won't approach what you can get with an external antenna and a more sophisticated system. If you're looking to control devices over any reasonable distances beyond a room or two, adding another radio or finding another solution would be best.
With all this said, it can make a good solution for indoor control of devices. Now let's start using the Raspberry Pi to control some devices.
Instructions Requirements
We recommend using a Raspberry Pi 4, but older devices, especially the Raspberry Pi 3B+, will work
We'll be using a Raspberry Pi 4 which was recently released, but the information will be useful for other Pi boards. To follow along you will need:
- Raspberry Pi 4B (instructions can work for older devices)
- micro SD Card - 8GB or Larger
- micro SD Card Reader
- Power Supply
- Ethernet Cable
- (Optional) USB to UART cable
Preparing the Raspberry Pi
If you already have a RPi configured, you can skip to Installing BlueZ Bluetooth Stack on the Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi runs a custom distribution of Linux. We will be using Raspbian. Download the image file that will be programmed to the SD Card:
As of the writing of this guide, the latest release is Raspbian Buster which was released in July 2019.
We recommend using the Torrent approach to download as it is significantly faster. Once downloaded, extract the zip to a folder.
Creating the SD Card
Creating the SD card with Raspbian depends on your platform. For Windows, the easiest approach is as follows:
- Download and Unzip Win32Disk Imager: Win32 Disk Imager Downloads - We recommend Win32DiskImager-1.0.0-binary.zip
- Insert your microSD card into your computer, either using an SD Card adapter or using an external SD Card reader
- Open Win32 Disk Imager by running Win32DiskImager.exe, select the Raspbian img file that was contained in the zip, then select the right drive corresponding to the micro SD card.
After this, click on Write to begin. The write process will begin. How long this takes depends on the SD card and reader performance so we recommend to use good microSD cards with fast writes to avoid waiting too long.
![Putty Putty](/uploads/1/2/6/7/126764947/312485598.png)
For Linux, we recommend you follow the Installing operating system images on Linux instructions as they depend on a few factors.
Connecting to the Raspberry Pi
Connecting Using Serial
Although there's a lot of ways to go about controlling the Raspberry Pi, including mouse and keyboard, we tend to use either Serial Port or SSH because the command line is fast.
Download Putty Raspberry Pi Mac Vnc
To get a command prompt on a Raspberry Pi, a USB to UART converter cable needs to be connected to the board. Old windows mahjong game. You can readily buy any of these from Mouser, Digikey or many other sources. Here are a few recommendations
- Mouser - TTL-232R-3V3-WE
- Adafruit - FTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable
- SparkFun - FTDI Cable 5V VCC-3.3V I/O
All these cables use 3.3V I/O which is the standard voltage of the Raspberry Pi. For these cables, you will need to cut off the ends and connect them properly. In this case, we use the FTDI TTL-232R-3V3-WE cable.
The diagram above shows the 3 pins of the TTL-232R-3V3-WE that must be connected. The colors Black, Yellow and Orange are the colors of the cable wires. You cannot use the 6 pin connector that's already soldered to some of the cables because the pinout is different. Instead, you will need to cut them and solder some female jumper wires as we show below:
The Raspberry Pi by default has the serial console output disabled. To enable it:
- Insert the SD card into the computer. it should then show two partitions, one of them the boot partition
- Open the file cmdlineargs.txt on the boot partition and insert the following at the end:
This will allow you to use serial immediately without having to deal with SSH, disconnections, etc. On the other hand, if you want to use SSH, follow the steps in the next section.
Connecting Using SSH
Create a file called SSH in the boot partition. This file should be called 'SSH' without the quotes and no extension. On windows, simply Right Click inside the Boot drive folder, select New and then Text Document, renaming it to SSH. When Windows shows a warning for the extension, accept with Yes.
Now that the SD card is ready, make sure to eject it (Windows) or unmount it (Linux/Mac) properly, or else it may not sync.
Insert the SD card into the Raspberry Pi and insert the 5V power supply and an Ethernet cable. The board LEDs should light up.
If you're using Serial to connect, the Raspberry Pi interface will come up and you can login using the username and password above. If you don't see any prompt, make sure the pin connections are correct and if needed reverse TX and RX wires.
For SSH, you will need to know the IP address of the Raspberry Pi. Finding it can be a bit of a challenge. One method we use is to use NMAP and scan the network quickly for devices. The Raspberry Pi will show itself and its IP address. You can also login to your router interface and find the MAC address assignments (the RPI will be the last device added).
Control RPI using PuTTY
You will need to use a program such as PuTTY to connect over serial or SSH to the unit. Download PuTTY from the following link:
The link above takes you to the direct 64-bit download. There's no need to install PuTTY. Open PuTTY, and either
- (SSH) Enter the IP address of the Raspberry Pi you've found, then connect.
- (Serial) Enter the COM port of the serial Port assigned to your USB to UART converter using 115200 baud and select Open
To login with the defaults, use the username 'pi' and password 'raspberry'
A few maintenance tasks
Before we start playing around with BLE on the Raspberry Pi, we need to take care of a few things. first, let's use the Raspbian configuration utility to expand the file system so we have enough space:
Go to the Advanced Options menu and select Expand Filesystem. Go back and select Finish to save. Afterwards, reboot the raspberry Pi to ensure the configuration is completed:
You will need to re-connect if you are using SSH. The quickest way to do this is right click on PuTTY interface and select 'Restart Session'.
Installing BlueZ Bluetooth Stack on the Raspberry Pi
Now that our Raspberry Pi is ready, it's time to get BlueZ on it. as we mentioned before, BlueZ is the Open Source Bluetooth stack.The Raspberry Pi Foundation has already taken care of doing the low level configuration for the Wi-Fi / Bluetooth chipset. If this were a custom hardware platform (as we've worked with in the past), you would need to properly configure everything.
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Chipsets (along with the combo variants) have firmware in ROM. The ROM firmware needs to be patched with updates and fixes. These patches and updates get loaded when the Bluetooth/Wi-Fi drivers are loaded and the RPI foundation has already taken care of it. We mention it because in some cases it would be important to update it. We won't need to do anything in this case as the defaults are sufficient.
Raspbian already comes with Bluetooth packages that can be downloaded, but we will be installing BlueZ ourselves. it's important you can install and update to the latest version, and potentially customize the build if custom features are needed.To do this, we need to download the BlueZ distribution and install dependencies. Download BlueZ source code as shown below. note that we are using BlueZ 5.50 which is currently the latest version.
The commands above download the BlueZ source and extract it, and in this case we will use BlueZ 5.50.We will be compiling BlueZ on the Raspberry Pi itself, because it is powerful enoughto do so and because setting up a cross-compile system is more work and unnecessary. To compile on the RPI we need to install dependencies as follows:
With all the dependencies installed, we will configure, make and install BlueZ:
Configure is a utility that verifies all the build dependencies are present and creates anything that is needed for the build. If there are any specific errors, check the messages from configure to see if any dependency is missing. Since we already installed everything, there should not be an issue.
Now, compile Bluez by executing make:
Download Putty Raspberry Pi Mac Os
This build will take some time, but using 4 cores it will speed it up (RPI may get hot during that time).
Finally, we need to install it in the system. the following command will make it so that calling BlueZ utilities will be the version we compiled, not any older version that was already present:
Now that BlueZ is installed, let's confirm the version is correct:
Which confirms the version installed is the one we compiled.
BlueZ Basics
It will be useful for you to know about basic commands and how BlueZ works. First of all, BlueZ contains a collection of utilities which we will use to connect and control devices. Here's a list of the most common utilities:
Utility | Function |
---|---|
hciconfig | Configures the HCI interface to the radio |
hcitool | HCI Swiss Knife |
gatttool | Connect to devices and control GATT |
The Bluetooth capability is provided by from the BT adapter by means of an interface, and the hciconfig utility is now telling us that our interface is hci0. We will be using that interface.
To cycle the interface, which may be sometimes needed, we can take the interface down, then up.
You may need to use the reset above if the interface isn't behaving properly
In order to connect to BLE devices, we need to scan for the, and one way to do so is using the hcitool utility:
Above we called the hcitool with hci0 as the scan, and requested an LE Scan. This looks for all nearby devices and provides the MAC address.
Now that we have addresses of BLE devices, let's connect to them. For this we will use the gatttool utility since we will manipulate the GATT of a BLE device too. hcitool is basically a swiss knife for all HCI commands, both Classic Bluetooth and BLE, but it will not by itself manipulate the GATT tool.
gatttool can operate in two modes: interactive and non interactive. In interactive mode, the console provides an interface that enables you to issue commands and interact with the device. You will need to quit to return to the terminal.
When executing commands it is important to avoid letting the command terminate on its own. Stopping commands with CTRL+C may result in the hciinterface etering an unknown state. In that case, turning the interface off then on will help
The code above is standard, but it's important to note the use of the -t parameter which specifies whether the addressused by the device is random or public. Public addresses are those that use assigned IEEE MAC addresses. random are addresses where the MAC is assigned randomly, as is in most cases in BLE devices.
If you're having trouble connecting to a device, use public or random as needed to connect
Reading/Writing Characteristics
One of the most important tasks is to read and write to characteristics. Using the interactive gatttool
dwad
Enabling and Receiving Notifications
Getting notifications from BLE devices is another mechanism for getting data from BLE devices in a low power way. A device can send a notification when it has new information to send, such as new data or an alert.
To enable notifications, we need to write to the CCCD (Client Configuration characteristic descriptor) with the right flags
Raspberry Pi as a Gateway
At the beginning of this article we mentioned some of the performance issues the Raspberry Pi has, and you may have seen that the rangecan be somewhat limited, depending on the device being used. That's not everything to consider. major limitations of the Raspberry Pi is its limited temperature range. The latest Raspberry Pi 4 has a temperature range of 0°C - 50°C, which limits the Raspberry Pi to indoor deployments only. We have seen some more success using custom heatsinks and even fans to improve this, but you would need to test it for any reasonable assurance of deployment.
If you are looking to use the Raspberry Pi in any kind of deployment, look to do the following to improve your results:
- Use Ethernet or 5GHz band if possible to avoid interference in the 2.4GHz band
- For 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, reduce the amount of data being sent reduce interference
Photos courtesy of the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Bluetooth SIG Trademark is used by Argenox under license.
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